Context Forest microclimate influences biodiversity and plays a crucial role in regulating forest ecosystem functions. It is modified by forest management as a result of changes in forest structure due to tree harvesting and thinning. Objectives Here, we investigate the impacts of even-aged and uneven-aged forest management on stand- and landscape-level heterogeneity of forest microclimates, in comparison with unmanaged, oldgrowth European beech forest. Methods We combined stand structural and topographical indices derived from airborne laser scanning with climate observations from 23 meteorological stations at permanent forest plots within the Hainich region, Germany. Based on a multiple linear regression model, we spatially interpolated the diurnal temperature range (DTR) as an indicator of forest microclimate across a 4338 ha section of the forest with 50 m spatial resolution. Microclimate heterogeneity was measured as α-, β-, and γ-diversity of thermal niches (i.e. DTR classes). Results Even-aged forests showed a higher γ-diversity of microclimates than uneven-aged and unmanaged forests. This was mainly due to a higher β-diversity resulting from the spatial coexistence of different forest developmental stages within the landscape. The greater structural complexity at the stand-level in uneven-aged stands did not increase α-diversity of microclimates. Predicted DTR was significantly lower and spatially more homogenous in unmanaged forest compared to both types of managed forest. Keywords: 3D forest structure · Biodiversity exploratories · Climate change · Forest management · Airborne laser scans · Diurnal temperature range
