Drought stress responses deconstructed: A comprehensive approach for Norway spruce seedlings using high-throughput phenotyping with integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics
Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst L.) is one of the most ecologically and economically significant tree species in
Europe, accounting for nearly half of the continent's forest economic value. However, drought is a significant stress factor associated with increasing Norway spruce mortality across Europe. Provenance trials, a traditional approach to assess adaptive variation, face limitations stemming from the finite number of sites, seed sources involved, and their required labor-intensive nature. In response, we developed a comprehensive multisensor highthroughput phenotyping method and integrated it with metabolomics, transcriptomics, and anatomical analyses to study the drought stress responses in two climatically contrasting but geographically proximal provenances at the seedling stage by exposing them to drought stress for a period of 21 days. Based on more than 50 physiological and growth-related traits assessed by the phenotyping platform, it was possible to characterize early and late drought stress responses. Consistent with phenotypic data, mRNA-seq, and metabolic profiles revealed apparent differences between treatments. While during the drought stress the metabolic data indicated an increased production of ABA, α-tocopherol, zeaxanthin, lutein, and phenolics, mRNA-seq showed modulation of related pathways and downregulation of photosystem transcripts. Keywords: Norway spruce seedlings, Picea abies, Drought stress, High-throughput phenotyping, Climate change
