Propagation via microcuttings was tested and resulted in a large variation among clones with respect to number of microcuttings. Subcultured basal segments gave the highest number of surviving plants. The rooting dropped drastically with age of the scions and resulted in less than 15% rooted cuttings at age 30. Hedging of the ortets improved the rooting percentage substantially. Tissue culture experiments were used to produce microcuttings and auxin treatment resulted in formation of microshoots in 50% of the cuttings. Somatic embryos were initiated from excised embryos from acorns during the summer months with the highest success rate for mid-July. Less than 20% of the embryogenic cultures produced germinating somatic embryos. The effect of decaptiation on scion production in five clones revealed clonal effects for proportion of buds becoming branches. There are possibilities for rapid multiplication of juvenile explants but with a substantial variation among clones. One study of the pollination pattern in a seed orchard showed a high percentage, > 60, of fertilizations with pollen from outside sources. The differentiation, FST between the seed orchard population and the progenies from three grafts was limited and estimated at 0.023. Selfing was low. Quantitative traits ; Northern Europe ; Eastern Europe ; Central Europe ; Western Europe ; Southern Europe ; Associations between different types of trait ; Reproduction ; Markers ; Phylogeography ; Host-parasite relationship ; Quantitative traits ; Comparison of different types of trait ; Markers Phylogeography ; Host parasite relationships ; Species hybrids ; Progeny testing ; Quantitative traits and QTL identification ; Molecular studies , Maps and inheritance , Tracing parentage , Certification of material , Miscellaneous ; Breeding ; Propagation ; Pollination pattern within a seed orchard ; Gene conservation ; Miscellaneous ; Quantitative traits;
