Soil organic carbon stocks in forests of Singapore

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In 2013, Singapore began to establish a Monitoring/Measuring, Reporting and Verification System (MRV) for
the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector as part of its reporting obligations of
greenhouse gases (GHG) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This
interdisciplinary approach follows the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006) and
utilizes within its GHG inventory expertise in remote sensing, assessment of aboveground biomass and of SOC,
and quality assurance towards reporting of the GHG inventory. Remote sensing techniques are used to collect
activity data on respective land-use categories as prescribed in the IPCC guidelines, such as Forest Land,
Cropland, Wetlands and Settlements, as well as sub-categories that are nationally defined. Ground-truthing
exercises of the national forest inventory in selected sampling plots of key sub-categories of Forest Land and
Settlements are conducted at a five-year interval as part of the MRV process. In these plots, data on aboveground
biomass (AGB) and on soil organic carbon (SOC) were collected. However, while AGB data could be
collected during each ground-truthing exercise, changes in SOC stocks cannot be assessed by a short-time
repetition of the soil inventory due to the large variation of soil carbon in the field. Hence, soil carbon stocks are