In the course of forest decline studies in the last decade a multitude of bioindication methods has been developed. This article is a short review on selected methods used in the TEMPUS program: Passive monitoring by lichens, either in form of reactive bioindication for the assessment of stress impact on forest ecosystems or in form of accumalitve indication for monitoring of heavy metals is still an important tool in forestry. Plant cultivars particularly sensitive to certain pollutants can be used for active monitoring concepts. Forest trees, especially Norway spruce, are widely used as indication plants: Besides the commonly applied forest monitoring systems based on visual classification of canopies, we describe the use of physiological parameters of spruce needles for bioindication of stesses including non-accumulating influences.
181.45 (Einflüsse durch Verunreinigungen der Umwelt) 114.521.6 (Weiserpflanzen (Bioindikatoren)) 114.521.7 (Vegetation als Weiser; Pflanzengesellschaften (z.B. Cajanders Waldtypen) [Siehe auch 182.3 für Vegetationseinheiten (Gesellschaften usw.): Theorie und 182.4 für Schichtgesellschaften]) 174.7 (Coniferae [Siehe Anhang D])
