Resistant Soil Microbial Communities Show Signs of Increasing Phosphorus Limitation in Two Temperate Forests After Long-Term Nitrogen Addition

Lausanne

2019

12 S.

Sonderdruck

12607S

204913

Forest soils harbor diverse microbial communities responsible for the cycling of elements including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Conversely, anthropogenic N deposition can negatively feed back on soil microbes and reduce soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Mechanistically, this can include reductions of decomposer biomass, especially fungi, and decreases in activities of lignin-modifying enzyme (LMEs). Moreover, N inputs can lower resource C:N and thus decrease the C:N imbalance between microbial decomposers and their resources. As a result, microbially-mediated decomposition might slow down, resulting in larger SOM pools with consequences for ecosystem nutrition and climate regulation. Here, we studied the long-term impact of experimental N addition on soil microbes and microbially-mediated decomposition in two coniferous forests in Switzerland and Denmark. We measured microbial biomass C and N, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers and potential enzyme activities related to C, N, and P acquisition along the topsoil profile (0–30 cm). In particular, we investigated shifts in microbial C:N homeostasis and relative C:N:P limitation. Contrary to prevailing theory, microbial biomass and community composition were remarkably resistant against two decades of 750 and 1,280 kg ha−1 of cumulative N inputs at the Swiss and Danish site, respectively. While N reduced fungal-specific PLFAs and lowered fungi-to-bacteria (F:B) ratios in some (mainly organic) horizons where soil organic carbon (SOC) has accumulated, it increased F:B ratios in other (mainly mineral) horizons where SOC has declined. We did not find a consistent reduction of LME activities in response to N. Rather, relationships between LME activities and SOC concentrations were largely unaffected by N addition. This questions prevalent theories of lignin decomposition and SOC storage under elevated N inputs. By using C:N stoichiometry, we further show that microbial communities responded in part non-homeostatically to decreasing resource C:N, in addition to a likely increase in their carbon use efficiency and a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency.Keywords: ecological stoichiometry, forest fertilization, nitrogen saturation, Norway spruce, phosphorus limitation, soil carbon, soil enzymes, soil organic matter decompositionStichworte: ökologische Stöchiometrie, Walddüngung, Stickstoffsättigung, Fichte, Phosphor Begrenzung, Boden-Kohlenstoff, Boden-Enzyme, Abbau von organischer Substanz im Boden