Global climate change and human impacts on forest ecosystems : postglacial development, present situation, and future trends in central Europe : with 56 tables

1. ed.

Berlin

2001

XI, 592 S.

Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.

Bandaufführung

3-540-67127-7

9427

200555

Mitteleuropa ; Waldökosystem ; Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehung ; Stabilität; Holozän ; Vegetation ; Luftverschmutzung ; Treibhausgas ; Umweltfaktor ; Klimafaktor ; Anthropogener Einfluss; Ultraviolett ; Strahlenrisiko ; Klimaänderung ; Prognose 2001-2020The inclusion of forests as potential biological sinks in the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 has attracted international attention and again has put scientific and political focus on the world's forests, regarding their state and development. The international discussion induced by the Kyoto Protocol has clearly shown that not only the tropical rain forests are endangered by man's activities, but also that the forest ecosystems of boreal, temperate, mediterranean and subtropical regions have been drastically modified. Deforestation on a large scale, burning, over-exploitation, and the degradation of the biological diversity are well-known symptoms in forests all over the world. This negative development happens in spite of the already existing knowledge of the benefits of forests on global energy and water regimes, the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and other elements as well as on the biological and cultural diversity. The reasonsForest-Ecosystem Fundamentals ; The Forest Ecosystem and Its Environment ; Space and Time Scales of Ecosystem Processes ; Complexity and Order in Forest Ecosystems ; Hierarchy Theory ; Constraints by Higher Hierarchical Levels: Stability ; Break of Hierarchy: Destabilisation ; Process Patterns as Ecological Indicators ; Buffering Properties of Soil ; Element Content in Plant Organs and Litter ; Humus Forms ; Tree Architecture ; Input/Output Budgets ; Forest Structure ; State Phases of Forest Ecosystems ; Stabilising and Destabilising Effects ; Site Requirements of Tree Species ; Destabilising Effects ; Stabilising Effects ; Post-Glacial Development of Climate and Forest Ecosystems Climate Development ; Historical Climate Changes ; Holocene Climate History ; Twentieth-Century Climate Changes ; Vegetation Development ; General Limits of Forest Growth ; Historical Patterns of Forest Growth ; Late-Glacial Forest Emergence ; Early-Holocene Forest Expansion ; Middle/Late-Holocene Forest Development ; The Human Influence ; Properties and Migration Patterns of Central European Forest Taxa ; Post-Glacial Changes in Nutrient Cycling and Soil Conditions ; Sources and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollutants 83; Overview ; Controls of Climate Development ; The Greenhouse Effect ; Other Atmospheric Perturbations ; Carbon Compounds ; Carbon Reserves and Carbon Cycling ; Wood-Related Carbon Reserves ; Carbon Reserves of the Forested Systems ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Monoxide ; Methane ; Halocarbons ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; Nitrogen and Sulphur Compounds, and 0 3 ; Nitrogen Compounds - an Overview ; Nitrous Oxide ; Ozone ; Acidity: Nitrogen Oxides, NH3, S02 ; Heavy Metals ; Present State of Forest Ecosystems ; Introduction ; Forest Soil Condition ; Acid-Base Condition ; Soil Organic-Matter Condition ; Influence of Vegetation, Forest Type and Tree Species on Soil Organic-Matter Storage ; Forest Vegetation Condition ; Forest Area, Growing Stock and Increment ; Biotic and Abiotic Influences on Timber Stocks and Forest Increments ; Historical and Current Trends of Forest Damage and Decline ; Overall Forest Carbon Reserves ; Implications of Changes in Ambient and Climatic Conditions on Ecosystem Processes ; Implications of the Deposition of Acid and Nitrogen ; Effects of Acid Deposition on Leaves, Soil, Roots and Tree Nutrition ; Effects on Decomposition ; Effects on Crown Condition and Increment ; Effects on Nutrient and Ion Cycles ; Effects on Stand Development and Ecosystem Renewal ; Effects on Genetics in Tree Populations ; Implications of an Increase in the Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Content ; Essentials and Approaches of Environmental Impact Modelling ; Principal Outcomes of Bioclimatic Model Simulations ; Expected Development of Forest Area and Wood Resources ; Forest Area ; Forest Growing Stocks ; Forest-Product Consumption and Needs ; Forestry Options for CO2 Mitigation ; General Influences of Forestry on Terrestrial Carbon Reserves ; Management for Biosystem Carbon Conservation ; Forestation ; Management for Fossil-Carbon Substitution ; Forest-Soil Features ; Forest-Biomass Features ; Trends of Change in Common Forest Ecosystem Types of Central Europe ; European-Beech Forests ; Norway Spruce Forests ; Scots-Pine Forests ; Mountain-Forest Ecosystems ; Aspects of Biological Diversity and Adaptation in the Forest Ecosystems ; Forest Management ; Introduction ; Development of Forest Management in Central Europe ; Forest-Management Practices ; Stand Establishment ; Tending of Stands ; Forest Practice and Management in a European Comparison ; Stand Establishment ; Tending of Stands ; Forest-Protection Problems and Future Perspectives ; Conclusions ; Management Strategies to Cope with Forest Decline ; Tree-Species Selection ; Forest Breeding ; Stand Establishment ; Natural Regeneration ; Supporting Treatments to Stabilise Site Conditions ; Silvicultural Methods to Stabilise Forest Stands ; Tending and Utilisation of Forest Stands ; Forest-Management Reactions on Climate Warming ; Afforestation Opportunities to Influence the Global Carbon Balance ; Reactions to the Possible Increase in Extreme Climatic Events ; Arguments for a New Orientation of Forest Management ; Ideas of Nature Conservation ; Activities of Forest Administrations . ; Conclusions for Future Forest Management ; Human Impacts on Central European Forests: Summary and Conclusions