Abstract
A systematic, in-depth introduction to theories and principles of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology is long overdue, as it is the most important geospatial data acquisition technology to be introduced in recent years. An advanced discussion, this text fills the void. Professionals in fields ranging from geology, geography and geoinformatics to physics, transportation, and law enforcement will benefit from this comprehensive discussion of topographic LiDAR principles, systems, data acquisition, and data processing techniques. The book covers ranging and scanning fundamentals, and broad, contemporary analysis of airborne LiDAR systems, as well as those situated on land and in space. The authors present data collection at the signal level in terms of waveforms and their properties; at the system level with regard to calibration and georeferencing; and at the data level to discuss error budget, quality control, and data organization. They devote the bulk of the book to LiDAR data processing and information extraction and elaborate on recent developments in building extraction and reconstruction, highlighting quality and performance evaluations. There is also extensive discussion of the state-of-the-art technological developments used in: filtering algorithms for digital terrain model generation; strip adjustment of data for registration; co-registration of LiDAR data with imagery; forestry inventory; and surveying. Readers get insight into why LiDAR is the effective tool of choice to collect massive volumes of explicit 3-D data with unprecedented accuracy and simplicity. Compiled by leading experts talking about much of their own pioneering work, this book will give researchers, professionals, and senior students novel ideas to supplement their own experience and practices.Compiled by editors Jie Shan and Charles K. Toth, this newly published book provides a comprehensive and in-depth treatment of Lidar as an accurate, direct method for 3D geo-data collection of urban and forested areas. A total of 29 authors, mostly European and North American academics, contribute to the nineteen chapters. Chapters 1 and 4 treat the fundamentals of ‘Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation', laser ranging and laser sensor calibration. As technologies rapidly evolve, these detailed descriptions of contemporary airborne Lidar systems and terrestrial laser scanners (Chapters 2 and 3 respectively) may soon lose currency. It may have sufficed to refer the reader to the regular product surveys published in professional magazines. Chapter 3 is alone in covering terrestrial laser scanners, the other eighteen chapters are devoted to airborne Lidar. Chapter 5 zooms in on time-of-flight Lidar: the sole laser-ranging principle used in airborne Lidar. Chapters 6, 8 and 9 cover georeferencing, strip adjustment and registration, and quality aspects. Lidar systems emit millions of pulses per minute. To each associated point are assigned a multitude of attributes, such as planimetric coordinates, height value, intensity, mirror angle and number of returns. Efficient storage and smart management of the myriad data is thus essential, the subject of Chapter 10. One of the main geo-datasets generated from Lidar are digital terrain models (DTM), including surface- and elevation models: these refer to bare ground and require removal of unwanted points, such as those reflected from trees, buildings and other constructions. Hence automatic filtering and manual editing of Lidar point-clouds are crucially important - issues covered by Chapter 11. Determination of forest factors is a major use made of small-footprint airborne Lidar, the importance of which is growing, trees being repositories of carbon. Chapter 12 addresses forest inventory; the six authors are all from Finland, a country of which 70% is covered by forest. (Semi)automatic creation of 3D-city models requires data fusion, the topic of Chapter 13. Urban land cover consists predominantly of brick and concrete, and Chapters 15 to 19 on 3D building extraction provide in-depth insight concerning relevant ongoing research into automation of building reconstruction. This timely book provides a wealth of information on the most successful geo-data acquisition technology matured over the past decade.Lidar ; Photogrammetrie ; Luftbild ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Topographic maps ; Cartography ; Laser use in ; Optical radar; Luftaufnahmen, PhotogrammetrieAbbreviations; Jie Shan, Charles K. Toth; Chapter 1. Introduction to Laser Ranging, Profiling, and Scanning; Gordon Petrie, Charles K. Toth; Chapter 2. Airborne and Spaceborne Laser Profilers and Scanners; Gordon Petrie, Charles K. Toth; Chapter 3. Terrestrial Laser Scanners; Gordon Petrie, Charles K. Toth; Chapter 4. LiDAR Systems and Calibration; Aloysius Wehr; Chapter 5. Pulsed Laser Altimeter Ranging Techniques and Implications for Terrain Mapping; David Harding; Chapter 6. Georeferencing Component of LiDAR Systems Naser El-Sheimy; Chapter 7. Waveform Analysis for Small-Footprint Pulsed Laser Systems; Uwe Stilla, Boris Jutzi; Chapter 8. Strip Adjustment and Registration; Charles K. Toth; Chapter 9. Accuracy, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control of LiDAR Data ; Ayman Habib; Chapter 10. Management of LiDAR Data; Lewis Graham ; Chapter 11. LiDAR Data Filtering and DTM Generation; Norbert Pfeifer, Gottfried Mandlburger; Chapter 12. Forest Inventory Using Small-Footprint Airborne LiDAR; Juha Hyypp√§, Hannu Hyypp√§, Xiaowei Yu, Harri Kaartinen, Antero Kukko, Markus Holopainen; Chapter 13. Integration of LiDAR and Photogrammetric Data; Ayman Habib; Chapter 14. Feature Extraction from LiDAR Data in Urban Areas; Chapter 15. Building Extraction from LiDAR Point Clouds Based on Clustering Techniques; Jie Shan, Aparajithan Sampath; Chapter 16. Building and Road Extraction by LiDAR and Imagery; Franz Rottensteiner, Simon Clode; Chapter 17. A Data-Driven Method for Modeling 3D Building Objects Using a Binary Space Partitioning Tree; Gunho Sohn, Xianfeng Huang, Vincent Tao; Chapter 18. A Framework for Automated Construction of Building Models from Airborne LiDAR Measurements; Keqi Zhang, Jianhua Yan, Shu-Ching Chen; Chapter 19. Quality of Buildings Extracted from Airborne Laser Scanning Data Eberhard ; , Harri Kaartinen, Juha Hyypp
