Anatomy, Genetics, Neurology, Disease, And Evolution; The Anatomy of the Canine Nose
Evolution of the Nose; Embryonic Development of the Nose; Skeleton of the Muzzle; Nasal Planum, Cartilages, and Muscles; Vestibule and Vomeronasal Organ; Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses; Olfactory Receptor Cells and Their Connections to the Brain; Wiring of the Olfactory System and the Functional Role of Neurons and Glia during; Lifelong Turnover; Cellular Constituents of the Olfactory System; Functional Role of Olfactory Sensory Neurons and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells during; Lifelong Neural Turnover; Lessons from the Olfactory System for the Treatment of Canine and Human Central Nervous; System Injury; Olfaction and the Canine Brain; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pathways of Olfactory Stimulation to the Canine Brain; Hemispheric Specialization and Olfaction in Dogs; Olfactory Cues in Social Behavior; Conclusions; Genetics of Canine Olfaction; Olfactory Systems; Odorant Receptors; The Dog's OR Repertoire; Dog Olfaction and Its Practical Applications; Conclusion; Endnotes; Effects of Disease on Canine Olfaction; Diagnosis of Olfactory Dysfunction; Causes of Olfactory Dysfunction; Conclusions; Olfaction in Wild Canids and Russian Canid Hybrids; The Function of the Canine Nose; Is Wild Canid Olfaction Better?; Conclusions
Endnotes; Chemistry And Aerodynamics Of Odors; The Development of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Its Uses in Odor Analysis; Beginnings of Gas Chromatography; The Gas Chromatograph; Mass Spectrometry; Combining Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass; Spectrometry (GC x GC-TOF/MS); Applications of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Conclusions; Aerodynamics of Odor Plumes and Odor Plume Structures in Different Habitats; Importance of Scale; Physical Constraints on Odor Transmission in Air; Summary of the Physical Constraints to Odor Dispersion; Odor Landscapes at Varying Scales; Searching Odor Landscapes: Environment-Specific Odor Fields; Summary; The Practical and Legal Significance of the Chemical Analysis of Odor in Relation to Canine Forensic and Judicial Evidence Volatile Organic Compounds and the Odor of Human Cadavers; Search for the Human Decomposition Profile; Relating Analytically Determined Decomposition Profiles to Canine Scent Alerts; Cocaine on Currency
Conclusion; Endnotes; Behavior, Learning, And Training; Canine Olfactory Learning and Behavior; Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning; Operant Conditioning; Delivery of the Reinforcer; Stimulus ; Control; Simple Odor Mixtures; Complex Stimulus Control; Conditional Discrimination: The Dual Function Dog; Memory; Conclusion and Future Directions; Endnotes; Training Considerations in Wildlife Detection; Dog Selection; Handler Selection; Passive Final Response; Training Samples; Transition to Naturally Occurring Targets; Responsibilities of the Handler; Nontarget Issues; Maintaining Target Fidelity in the Field; Conclusion; Endnote; Training Fundamentals and the Selection of Dogs and Personnel for Detection Work; Is Training an Art or a Science? Axioms of Canine Training; Anthropomorphism as a Confounder; Actions and Intonations of Cueing; Selecting Dogs for Olfaction Responsibilities; Selection and Appointment of a Handler; Selection of a Trainer or a Vendor; Summary; Endnote; Training a Statistically Superior Scent Discrimination Canine: Where Trainer Wisdom; Meets Scientific Validation; Acclimation; Markers as Rewards, Reinforcers, Motivators, and Commands; Preconditioning and Initial Odor Recognition Training; Training for Reliability; Summary; Statistical Reliability Confounders and Improvement in Advanced Dog Training:
Patterns, Routines, Targets, Alerts, Distractors, Reinforcement, and Other Issues; Independent Sniffing and Patterning During Search Routines; Types of Alerts and Indications; Distractors, Detection to Discrimination; Continuous Improvement Is Mandatory; Summary; Uses In Forensics And Law; Canine Drug-Detection Evidence: Admissibility, Canine Qualifications, and Investigative Practices
Background and Canine Sniff Doctrine; Canine Sniffs of Vehicles; Canine Sniffs of Homes; Detection Dog Certification, Training, and Field Performance Records; Determining Canine Reliability for Contraband Detection; Canine-Reliability Determinations after Harris; Types of Canine-Reliability Evidence Submitted; DaubertChallenges to Canine Sniff Evidence after Harris; Retirement of Marijuana-Trained Detection Dogs in States Where Marijuana Possession; and Use Has Been Decriminalizing; Canine Sniff of a Person; Acknowledgment; Endnotes; Cadaver Detection in Forensic Anthropology and Criminology: An Overview with Personal Notes; History behind Forensic ; Anthropology and Cadaver Dogs; Search for Remains and Reliability of Cadaver Dogs; Locating Antiquated Buried Human Bone; Cadaver Dog and Scent of Burned or Cremated Human Bone; Positive and Negative: Judicial Cases with Cadaver Dogs; Cadaver Dogs and Detection of Human Remains in Water; Future Directions; Endnotes; Detection of Cocaine on Currency; Interpretation of the Level of Drugs on Currency; Summary; Endnotes; Narcotic and Explosive Odors: Volatile Organic Compounds as Training Aids for Olfactory Detection; Types of Materials; Contamination Types and Causes; Odor Concentration, Availability, and Attributes Odor Aid Usage in Training and Deployment; Summary; Scent Lineups: Variables in Procedures and Statistical Verification Individual Odor Theory; Rationale for Identification by Scent Lineup for Forensic Purposes; Different Scent for Different Body Parts; Evaluation of Indications and Validity of Canine Identification; Validity of Scent Lineups Preferred Scented Items for Lineups; Attractiveness; Familiarity and Gender; Time Factor in Scent Recognition; Cosmetics and Smoking; Control Trials; Number of Stations and Target Samples; Control and "Zero" Trials; Effect of Increasing the Number of Dogs Used; Clever Hans Effect Location of Target Samples in Lineups; Abilities of Individual Dogs; Other Uses of Canine Lineups Conclusion; How US Courts Deal with the "Black Box" of Canine Scent Identification Development of Foundational Requirements for Tracking Evidence; Scent Lineups; Scent Transfer Units; Courts Begin to Question Validity of Scent Lineups; How Do Courts Deal with the "Black Box"? Endnotes; Uses In Conservation And Remediation; Trained Dogs in Insect Detection; Beneficial Insects Harmful Insects; Difficulties with Detecting Insects; Advantages of Canine Insect Scent Detection; Early History of Canine Insect Scent Detection; Efficacy of Canine Detection for Insect Surveillance; False-Positive Indications; Training Dogs with Live Insects; Alternatives to Live Insects for Training; Efficacy of Alternatives to Live Insects for Training Purposes; Applied Canine Insect Scent Detection; Conclusion; Detection Dogs in Strategies for Eradicating Pest Species from Natural Environments; Macquarie Island; New Zealand Department of Conservation Pest Detection Dog ; Program; Conclusion; Endnotes; Canine Biodetection in Conservation, Eradication, and Border Protection: A; Regulatory Perspective; Conservation; Use of Detection Dogs; Regulatory Requirements for Arctic Surveys; Habitat Fragmentation; Identification of Individual Tigers; Detection of Disease in Wildlife; Vultures, Poisons, and Pollutants Eradication Summary; Acknowledgment Endnotes; Uses In Detection Of Diseases And Medical Conditions; Detection of Human Cancer by Dogs; Malignant Melanoma; Lung Cancer; Breast Cancer; Prostate Cancer; Bladder Cancer; Ovarian Cancer; Colorectal Cancer; State of Research and Prospects for Clinical Application; Methodology Issues; Conclusions; Endnote; Medical Alerting to Seizures, Glycemic Changes, and Migraines: Significance of Untrained Behaviors in Service Dogs; Americans with Disabilities Act Seizure Alerting; Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia Alerting; Migraine Alerting; Legal Status of Spontaneously Alerting Dogs; Need for Further Research; Endnotes
