Finnland ; Versauerung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Acid ; Environmental ; Finland ; Pollution ; Finland ; Acid deposition ; Environmental aspects ; Finland ; Air; Emissions; Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Emission Scenarios For Finland; I. SAVOLAINEN and M. TAHTINEN ; NOx Emissions at the Beginning of the 1980s in Finland; J. ANHAVA, H. JAPPINEN and M. PEKKANEN ; Ammonia Emissions in the 1980s; R. NISKANEN, S. KERANEN and R. PIPATTI; Atmospheric Processes On the Effects of Meteorological Factors on Air Pollution Concentrations and Deposition in Finland ; S.M. JOFFRE, T. LAURILA, H. HAKOLA, V. LINDFORS, S. KONTTINEN and P. TAALAS ; Simulating the Formation of Acid Aerosols M. KULMALA ; Characteristics of Alkaline Emissions, Atmospheric Aerosols and Deposition; P. ANTTILA ; Characteristics of Sulphur Dioxide Monitors: Intercomparison; J. WALDEN, H. LATTILA, M. HYPPONEN, P. PLATHAN and T. VIRTANEN ; Deposition; Bulk Deposition Chemistry in Finland; O. JARVINEN and T. VANNI ; Model Calculations of Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition in Finland; J.-P. TUOVINEN, L. KANGAS and G. NORDLUND ; Deposition on Forest Soils - Effect of Tree Canopy on Throughfall; A. HYVARINEN ; Terrestrial Systems; Soil Chemistry; Chemical Characteristics of Finnish Agricultural Soils in 1974 and in 1987; R. ERVIO, R. MAKELA-KuRTTO and J. SIPPOLA ; A Survey of Forest Soil Properties Related to Soil Acidification in Southern Finland. P. TAMMINEN and M. STARR; Regional Acidification Model for Forest Soils; M. JOHANSSON and I. SAVOLAINEN ; Buffering Capacity of Finnish Soils and its Dependence on Geological Factors in Relation to the Acidification Sensitivity of Lakes; T. NUOTIO, J. HYYPPA and J. NYLANDER ; Effects of Acid Deposition on Exchangeable Cations, Acidity and Aluminium Solubility in Forest Soils and Soil Solution; A. NISSINEN and H. ILVESNIEMI ; Buffering of Peat and Peaty Soils: Evaluation Based on the Artificial Acidification of Peat Lysimeters; A. PATILA ; Effects of Nitrogen Inputs on Forest Ecosystems. Estimation Based on Long-Term Fertilization Experiments; E. MALK6NEN, J. DEROME and M. KUKKOLA ; Soil Microbiology; Microbiological and Chemical Properties of the Forest Humus Layer at Four Sites in Southern Finland; K. PALMGREN, T. BRENNER and A. VAINIO ; Soil Biological Parameters as Indicators of Changes in Scots Pine Forests (Pinus sylvestris L.) Caused by Air Pollution; R. OHTONEN, A.M. MARKKOLA, H. HEINONEN-TANSKI and H. FRITZE; Vegetation and Insects; Epiphytic Lichens on Conifers in the 1960's to 1980's in Finland; M. KUUSINEN, K. MIKKOLA and E.-L. JUKOLA-SULONEN ; A Survey of Element Concentrations in the Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia physodes in Finland in 1985-1986; E. KUBIN ; Air Pollution Levels and Abundance of Forest Insects; K. HEU6vAARA and R. VAISANEN ; Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on the Susceptibility to Sc1eroderis canker (Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerb.) Sc1iipher-Bernhard) and on Assimilation and Transpiration of Scots Pine Seedlings; M. VUORINEN ; Ecological Effects of Simulated Acid Rain in a Subarctic Area with Low Ambient Sulphur Deposition; S. NEUVONEN, J. SUOMELA, E. HAUKIOJA, M. LINDGREN and KAI RUOHOMAKI ; Influence of Acidification on Metal Uptake in Plants; M. LODENIVS and J. MALM ; Trees; Detecting Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Changes - a Review of Finnish Studies P. N6JD ; The Vitality of Conifers in Finland 1986-1988; E.-L. JUKOLA-SULONEN, K. MIKKOLA and M. SALEMAA; The Occurrence of Abiotic and Biotic Damage and its Relation to Defoliation (Needle Loss) of Conifers in Finland (1985-1988); S. NEVALAINEN and H. YLI-KoJOLA ; An Approach to Analyse the Dynamics of Environmental Change and its Effects on Forest Growth; P. HARI, M. HOLMBERG, T. RAUNEMAA and E. NIKINMAA ; Wintering Response of Conifers to Acid Rain Treatment Under Northern Conditions; S. HUTTUNEN, J. REINIKAINEN and M. TURUNEN ; Effects of High Nitrogen Deposition on Forests: Case Studies Close to Fur Animal Farms; A. FERM, J. HYTONEN, P. LAHDESMAKI, P. PIETILAINEN and A. PATILA ; Causes of Conifer Injuries in Some Industrial Environments; A. WULFF, L. ROPPONEN and L. KARENLAMPI ; Needle Retention, Age, Shedding and Budget, and Growth of Scots Pine Between 1865 and 1988; R. JALKANEN and T. KURKELA ; The Foliar Chemical Composition of Young Pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) with or without Decline; H. RAITIO ; The Effects of Soluble Inorganic Aluminium and Nutrient Imbalances on Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies Seedlings; H: AROVAARA and H. ILVESNIEMI ; Materials; Effects of SOlon Construction Materials: Preliminary Results; T.K. KAUNISTO, E.1. HAKKA-RoNNHOLM, T.J. HAKKARAINEN, H.S. Pyyand K.J. SILVENNOINEN ; Water; Aquatic Chemistry; Statistical Lake Survey in Finland: Regional Estimates of Lake Acidification; M. FORSIUS, J. KAMARI, P. KORTELAINEN, J. MANNIO, M. VERTA, and K. KINNUNEN; Modelling Long-Term Development of Surface Water Acidification in Finland; J. KAMARI, M. FORSIUS and A. LEPISTO; Ion Budgets of Small Forested Basins; K. KALLIO and L. KAUPPI ; Hydrological Characteristics Affecting the Runoff Water Acidity; A. LEPISTO and P. SEUNA ; Organic Acidity in Finnish Lakes; P. KORTELAINEN and J. MANNIO ; Effects of Air Pollutants on Chemical Characteristics of Soil Water and Groundwater; J. SOVERI and T. AHLBERG; Trace Metals in Finnish Headwater Lakes - Effects of Acidification and Airborne Load; M. VERTA, J. MANNIO, P. IIVONEN, J.-P. HIRVI, O. JARVINEN and S. PIEPPONEN ; Biota in Lakes and Streams; Acid-Induced Changes in Fish Populations of Small Finnish Lakes ; M. RASK and P. TUUNAINEN ; Respiratory Effects of Environmental Acidification in Perch (Perea f1uviatilis) and Rainbow Trout (Salrno gairdnerz); M. NIKINMAA, A. SALAMA and H. TUURALA ; Long-Term Exposure of Adult Whitefish (Coregonus wartrnanni) to Low pHI Aluminium: Effects on Reproduction, Growth, Blood Composition and Gills; P.J. VUORINEN, M. VUORINEN and S. PEURANEN ; Macrophytes in Finnish Forest Lakes and Possible Effects of Airborne Acidification; L. HEITIO ; Phytoplankton and Acidification in Small Forest Lakes in Finland; P. KIPpo-EDLUND and A. HEITTO ; Periphytic Diatoms in the Acidification Project Lakes; P. ELORANTA ; Surface Sediment Diatom Assemblages and Lake Acidity; P. HUTTUNEN and J. TURKIA ; Crustacean Zooplankton of Finnish Forest Lakes in Relation to Acidity and Other Environmental Factors; J. SARVALA and S. HALSINAHO ; Benthic Invertebrates in Relation to Acidity in Finnish Forest Lakes; J.J. MERILAINEN and J. HYNYNEN ; Estimation of Acidity in Streams by Means of Benthic Invertebrates: Evaluation of Two Methods; H. HAMALAINEN and P. HUTTUNEN ; Palaeoecological Evaluation of the Recent Acidification of Susceptible Lakes in Finland; P. HUTIUNEN, K. KENTTAMIES, A. LIEHu, M. LIUKKONEN, T. NUOTIo, O. SANDMAN and J. TURKIA ; Liming; Alleviation of Forest Soil Acidification Through Liming; J. DEROME and A. PATILA ; Neutralization of Acidified Watercourses; E. ALASAARELA, J. HAVU, K. HEIKKINEN and K. WEPPLING; Liming of the Acidic Lake Valkealampi in Eastern Finland: Effects on Water Chemistry and Phytoplankton; R. NIINIOJA, M. AHTIAINEN, and A.-L. HOLOPAINEN . ; Effects of Liming on the Chemistry and Biology of a Small Acid Humic Lake; K. SALONEN, M. JARVINEN, K. KUOPPAMAKI and L. ARVOLA ; Secondary Effects and Assessment; Development of an Integrated Model for the Assessment of Acidification in Finland; M. JOHANSSON, 1. KAMARI, R. PIPATTI, I. SAVOLAINEN, I.-P. TUOVINEN M. TAHTINEN ; Evaluation of Finnish Sulphur Reduction Strategies for the Year 1995; M. HONGISTO and M. WALLIN ; Amount, Quality and Utilization of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) Wastes in Finland; RANTA ; Economic Impacts of Western European Air Pollution on the Finnish Forest Sector; H. SEPPALA, R. SEPPALA and M. KALLIO ; "Acidification in Finland" has been the theme of HAPRO, the Finnish Acidification Research Programme, in 1985-1990. HAPRO has been a multidisciplinary programme funded by the Finnish government. Seven universities, eight governmental research institutes and numerous expert consultants have taken part in this work. The objective of the programme has been to contribute to air pollution abatement and the management of natural resources by obtaining and processing facts, information and understanding on the so-called acidic precipitation issue. In practise, the programme has organized surveys of emissions, compiled measurements of concentrations and deposition, documented the existing state of Finnish ecosystems, carried out investigations on cause-and-effect relationships, developed, tested and applied different kinds of models including integrated assessment models and supported international exchange of information. After a short planning phase of the programme, the General Plan for HAPRO was adopted at the end of 1984. The years 1985 and 1986 can be considered as the period of establishing the research. Most of the research measurements and analyses were done in 1987 to 1988 supporting the documentation period in 1989. HAPRO will come to completion in 1990 with emphasis on assessment and the exchange of information. Chapters of this book were first drafted in the spring of 1989. An international reviewing panel chaired by Dr. Leen Hordijk from the Netherlands met in Helsinki in June 1989 to examine the manuscripts. In this way the manuscripts passed an intensive peer review in a relatively short period of time. The manuscripts were corrected and updated in July-September 1989 and were sent to the publisher. This book is the summary of the primary results and findings of HAPRO. It mainly contains original material that has not been published before. The aim has been that the material and methods are sufficiently documented in each chapter in order to allow the reader to take a critical look at the results. It is fair to say that the majority of Finnish research on the acidic precipitation issue in the second half of the 1980s is included in the chapters of this book. We sincerely thank all institutes, organizations and people who have taken part in the preparation of this book. In particular, we would like to acknowledge the scientists - people who have done the job.
